Caroline Rassbach, MD

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.acap.2023.06.001

View details for PubMedID 37422256

View details for DOI 10.1002/jhm.13150

View details for PubMedID 37301729

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Competency in serious illness communication is mandated by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education. Previous efforts to teach communication skills have been hampered by intensive time requirements. In this study, we developed and evaluated a brief goals-of-care communication curriculum for neurology residents. Methods: We developed and implemented a two-part curriculum based on themes identified from a needs assessment: (1) fundamental physician-patient communication skills; and (2) counseling surrogate decision makers and providing neuroprognostication. We used a three-pronged pre-post study design to evaluate the impact of the curriculum: resident self-assessment surveys, direct observations of resident-patient interactions, and patient perception surveys using the Communication Assessment Tool. Results: Residents reported a significant increase in mean scores [standard deviation] of confidence practicing fundamental communication skills, such as offering opportunities for emotion (3.84 [0.9] vs. 4.54 [0.6], p=0.002), and goals-of-care communication skills, such as using triggers for serious conversations (2.65 [0.7] vs. 3.29 [0.5], p=0.004). Observed resident-patient interactions showed significant improvement in fundamental communication skills, such as involving the patient in decision making (1.89 [0.6] vs. 4.0 [0.9], p<0.001). There was no significant impact on patient perception of resident communication skills in the three months following the intervention. Conclusions: A brief, learner-centered curricular intervention improved neurology residents' confidence in serious illness communication and improved their skills as judged by trained observers.

View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2022.0371

View details for PubMedID 36952327

Abstract

Individual assessments disregard team contributions, while team assessments disregard an individual's contributions. Interdependence has been put forth as a conceptual bridge between our educational traditions of assessing individual performance and our imminent challenge of assessing team-based performance without losing sight of the individual. The purpose of this study was to develop a more refined conceptualization of interdependence to inform the creation of measures that can assess the interdependence of residents within healthcare teams.Following a constructivist grounded theory approach, we conducted 49 semi-structured interviews with various members of healthcare teams (e.g., physicians, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, patients) across two different clinical specialties - Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics - at two separate sites. Data collection and analysis occurred iteratively. Constant comparative inductive analysis was used and coding consisted of three stages: initial, focused, and theoretical.We asked participants to reflect upon interdependence and describe how it exists in their clinical setting. All participants acknowledged the existence of interdependence, but they did not view it as part of a linear spectrum where interdependence becomes independence. Our analysis refined the conceptualization of interdependence to include two types: supportive and collaborative. Supportive interdependence occurs within healthcare teams when one member demonstrates insufficient expertise to perform within their scope of practice. Collaborative interdependence, on the other hand, was not triggered by lack of experience/expertise within an individual's scope of practice, but rather recognition that patient care requires contributions from other team members.In order to assess a team's collective performance without losing sight of the individual, we need to capture interdependent performances and characterize the nature of such interdependence. Moving away from a linear trajectory where independence is seen as the end goal can also help support efforts to measure an individual's competence as an interdependent member of a healthcare team.

View details for DOI 10.1111/medu.15064

View details for PubMedID 36822577

View details for Web of Science ID 000921450900540

Abstract

Introduction Physicians have increasingly used social media platforms to review new research, expand networks, and communicate. However, few studies have evaluated how the integration of social media into residency programs affects training. This is relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a shift towards virtual formats for medical education, community building, and recruitment. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate how the integration of social media platforms, including Slack, Twitter, and Instagram, influences education, social connectedness, and recruitment within a residency program. Methods In 2020, pediatric residents at one institution were encouraged to create personal Twitter and Instagram accounts if they did not already have one and follow the residency program's Twitter and Instagram accounts. Residents were also encouraged to enroll in a private Slack network within the residency program. We surveyed residents in May and June 2020 (pre-intervention) and March 2021 (post-intervention). Analytics from the residency program's social media accounts and Slack were recorded. Data were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach. Results Response rates from residents regarding the impact of social media interventions on education, connectedness, and recruitment were 98% (100/102) pre-intervention and 74.5% (76/102) post-intervention. During the study period from May 2020 to March 2021, chief resident posts on the residency program's Twitter and Instagram accounts garnered 447,467 and 151,341 impressions, respectively. Posts with the highest average impressions were those related to advocacy. After the intervention, residents reported increased connectedness to residents in other classes and increased usage of their personal Twitter and Slack accounts for learning and education. Residents rated the program's Instagram account as a useful recruitment tool. Feasibility of posting was assessed by the number of posts by chief residents during the study period (Twitter n=806, Instagram n=67). There were no costs. Conclusion Our data shows that social media in residency is feasible, cost-effective, and valuable for education, connectedness, and recruitment. We outlined specific ways social media was feasible and useful in these domains.

View details for DOI 10.7759/cureus.32569

View details for PubMedID 36654560

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC9840559

Abstract

BACKGROUND: As hospitals shift away from pagers and towardssecure text messaging systems (STMS), limited research exists on the drawbacks of such systems. Preliminary data show that introduction of STMS can lead to a dramatic increase in interruptions, which may contribute to medical errors.OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate residents' and nurses' experiences with STMS at a quaternary care children's hospital.DESIGN: This was a qualitative study with focus groups.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants were pediatric residents and nurses at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital.INTERVENTION: Focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded by 2 independent coders. Codes were discussed until consensus was reached.MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Data was analyzed through a thematic, descriptive content analysis approach. Themes were developed alongside a framework of teamwork, patient safety, and clinician well-being.RESULTS: Three resident focus groups (n=14) and three nurse focus groups (n=21) were held. Six themes were identified: (1) STMS can facilitate teamwork through multiple communication modalities and technological features. (2) STMS can negatively impact teamwork by decreasing face-to-face communication and frontline decision-making. (3) STMS can promote patient safety through closed-loop communication and ready access to team members. (4) STMS can negatively impact patient safety through alarm fatigue, interruptions, and miscommunication. (5) STMS can positively impact clinician well-being through satisfaction and relationship building. (6) STMS can negatively impact clinician well-being through increased stress related to communication volume.CONCLUSION: Use of STMS in the hospital setting has many advantages as well as drawbacks. With appropriate guidelines and training designed to mitigate the drawbacks, STMS have the potential to be valuable means of communication for healthcare team members.

View details for DOI 10.1002/jhm.12953

View details for PubMedID 36036216

Abstract

Local needs assessments in our institution's surgery and neurology residency programs identified barriers to effective communication, such as no shared communication framework and limited feedback on nontechnical clinical skills. Residents identified faculty-led coaching as a desired educational intervention to improve communication skills. Three university departments (Surgery, Neurology, and Pediatrics) and health-care system leaders collaborated closely to develop an innovative communication coaching initiative generalizable to other residency programs.Coaching program development involved several layers of collaboration between health-care system leaders, faculty educators, and departmental communication champions. The efforts included: (1) creating and delivering communication skills training to faculty and residents; (2) hosting frequent meetings among various stakeholders to develop program strategy, discuss opportunities and learnings, and engage other medical educators interested in coaching; (3) obtaining funding to implement the coaching initiative; (4) selecting coaches and providing salary and training support.A multi-phased mixed-methods study utilized online surveys and virtual semi-structured interviews to assess the program's quality and impact on the communication culture and the satisfaction and communication skills of residents. Quantitative and qualitative data have been integrated during data collection and analysis using embedding, building, and merging strategies.Establishing a multi-departmental coaching program may be feasible and can be adapted by other programs if similar resources and focus are present. We found that stakeholders' buy-in, financial support, protected faculty time, flexible approach, and rigorous evaluation are crucial factors in successfully implementing and sustaining such an initiative.

View details for DOI 10.4103/efh.efh_357_22

View details for PubMedID 37313890

Abstract

While combined pediatrics and medical genetics and genomics residency programs are growing in number and applicants, there are still workforce shortages within the medical genetics field. Medical students would benefit from additional information on the training pathways and insight into the application process itself. Program Directors of combined pediatrics and medical genetics and genomics residency programs were surveyed to characterize factors that influence interview selection and rank list decisions, application logistics, recruitment, and training pathways. When evaluating applicants, representatives from both pediatrics and medical genetics are involved in the screening process. Additionally, both groups value prior research experience, but do not have a clear preference for a particular subcategory or domain of research. Most program directors think that all currently-available training pathways can provide optimal training. Further action is needed to provide medical students with the knowledge to make more informed decisions about their career and medical school advisors with objective data to counsel students. There was support among program directors to initiate consideration of creating a pathway for medical students to match directly into a medical genetics and genomics residency.

View details for DOI 10.1002/ajmg.a.62846

View details for PubMedID 35633299

View details for Web of Science ID 000832839400025

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.gim.2022.01.591

View details for Web of Science ID 000796586200334

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.07.014

View details for PubMedID 34280401

View details for DOI 10.1542/hpeds.2020-003681

View details for PubMedID 34049964

View details for DOI 10.1542/hpeds.2021-005970

View details for PubMedID 33863815

Abstract

The ability to incorporate evidence-based medicine (EBM) into clinical practice is an ACGME competency, yet many pediatric residents have limited knowledge in this area. The objective of this study is to describe the effect of an EBM curriculum on resident attitudes and clinical use of EBM.We implemented a longitudinal EBM curriculum to review key literature and guidelines and teach EBM principles. In this IRB-exempt mixed methods study, we surveyed residents, fellows, and faculty about resident use of EBM at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months after the beginning of the intervention. We conducted point prevalence surveys of faculty about residents' EBM use on rounds. Residents participated in focus groups, which were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using conventional content analysis to develop themes.Residents (N=61 pre- and 70 post-curriculum) reported an increased appreciation for the importance of EBM and comfort generating a search question. Faculty reported that residents cited EBM on rounds, with an average of 2.4 citations/week. Cited evidence reinforced faculty's plans 79% of the time, taught faculty something new 57% of the time, and changed management 21% of the time. Focus groups with 22 trainees yielded four themes: (1) increased competence in understanding methodology and evidence quality; (2) greater autonomy in application of EBM; (3) a call for relatedness from faculty role models and a culture that promotes EBM; and (4) several barriers to successful use of EBM.After implementation of a longitudinal EBM curriculum, trainees described increased use of EBM in clinical practice.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.acap.2021.12.018

View details for PubMedID 34929387

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic will leave an indelible mark on the careers of current medical trainees. Given the disruptions to medical education, economic impact on institutions, and the uncertainties around future job prospects, trainees are facing unprecedented challenges. This situation is especially concerning for futures of pediatric physician-scientist trainees, where concerns regarding maintaining the pipeline were well documented prior to the emergence of COVID-19. In this Perspectives article, we leverage the unique expertise of our workgroup to address concerns of physician-scientist trainees and to provide suggestions on how to navigate career trajectories in the post-COVID-19 era. We identified and addressed four major areas of concern: lack of in-person conferences and the associated decrease access to mentors and networking activities, decreased academic productivity, diminished job prospects, and mental health challenges. We also suggest actions for trainees, mentors and educational leaders, and institutions to help support trainees during the pandemic, with a goal of maintaining the pediatric physician-scientist pipeline.

View details for DOI 10.1038/s41390-020-01321-5

View details for PubMedID 33469179

View details for DOI 10.7759/cureus.9537

View details for Web of Science ID 000554830700009

View details for DOI 10.1038/s41390-020-0837-2

View details for PubMedID 32179872

Abstract

The qualities of good medical school mentors have been well-described. However, there is little written about the mentoring needs of medical students applying to pediatrics residency.In order to characterize pediatrics interns' perspectives on the mentorship needs of fourth year medical students applying to residency, the authors conducted an IRB-approved, qualitative modified grounded-theory study using a brief survey and semi-structured focus groups of pediatric interns in January and February 2018. Two investigators independently coded the focus group transcripts and reconciled codes to develop categories and themes using constant comparison, which were then reviewed by the third author for validation. To further ensure trustworthiness of analysis, participants were asked to comment on the themes' accuracy.Eighteen pediatrics interns participated, representing 15 medical schools. Four major themes emerged: 1) Effective mentors guide medical students to self-reflect and find their own answers about what is important to them in a residency program; 2) Multiple mentors are helpful during the residency application process; 3) Several key components of advising are often missing during the residency application process; 4) Students find it difficult to be honest with their mentors if there is a perceived conflict of interest.Medical students applying for pediatrics residency have specific mentorship needs and cite opportunities to improve this area of mentorship. Several key recommendations include utilizing multiple mentors and providing emotional support during the residency application process. In addition, near-peer mentorship is important for medical students applying to residency and should be facilitated by medical schools.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.acap.2020.05.002

View details for PubMedID 32389758

View details for Web of Science ID 000481567900018

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.acap.2018.12.002

View details for Web of Science ID 000475720600014

Abstract

To identify factors that influence faculty to promote or reduce the expression of autonomy for pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) fellows and describe behaviors faculty employ to support fellow autonomy in the clinical setting.This is a multi-center, qualitative study utilizing semi-structured interviews with core faculty in PHM fellowships. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a phenomenological approach. Each transcript was coded independently by two trained reviewers who then met to reconcile differences. Codes were identified using an iterative approach and organized into themes. Investigators engaged in peer debriefing during data collection, and member checking confirmed the results.Interviews were conducted December 2016 to January 2017 with 20 faculty from five PHM fellowships. Most participants were female (12, 60%) and assistant (13, 65%) or associate (6, 30%) professors. Data analysis yielded six themes. Themes reflect the importance of faculty experience, style, and approach to balancing patient care with education in the provision of autonomy for PHM Fellows. Faculty appreciation for the role of autonomy in medical education, investment in their roles as educators, and investment in PHM fellowship training are also influential factors. Finally, fellow clinical, educational, leadership, and communication skills influence the provision of autonomy. Faculty employ various levels of supervision, scaffolding techniques, and direct observation with feedback to support fellow autonomy. Professional development was considered essential for developing these skills.We identified six themes related to faculty provision of autonomy to PHM fellows, as well as strategies employed by faculty to support fellow autonomy.

View details for PubMedID 31077880

Abstract

Objective. To understand pediatric residents' experiences and attitudes toward learning neurology; and to identify facilitators and barriers to learning neurology during residency. Study Design. Qualitative study using focus groups of pediatric residents at Stanford during November 2017. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Investigators independently coded the transcripts and reconciled codes to develop themes using constant comparison associated with grounded theory. Results. Eighteen pediatric residents participated in 3 focus groups. Four themes emerged: (1) residents feel unprepared and uncomfortable; (2) intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to residents' dependence on neurologists; (3) residents desire more teaching; and (4) residents are motivated to overcome their dependence on neurologists and optimize their learning. Conclusion. Pediatric residents are motivated to acquire more skills to assess and manage patients with neurological conditions. They recognize key factors that contribute to a cycle of dependence that impedes their learning and offer strategies to overcome these barriers.

View details for DOI 10.1177/0009922819870557

View details for PubMedID 31455089

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The ACGME calls for residency programs to incorporate multisource feedback, which may include patient feedback, into resident competency assessments. Program directors face numerous challenges in gathering this feedback. This study assesses the feasibility and acceptability of patient feedback collection in the inpatient and outpatient setting at three institutions.METHODS: Patient feedback was collected using a modified version of the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT). Trained research assistants (RAs) administered the CAT to eligible patients/families in pediatric ward, intensive care (ICU), and outpatient settings from July-October 2015. Completion rates and reasons for non-completion were recorded. Patient satisfaction with the CAT was assessed on a five-point Likert scale.RESULTS: 860/1413 (61%) patients completed the CAT. Completion rates in the pediatric ward and ICU settings were 45% and 38% respectively, compared to 91% in the outpatient setting. In inpatient settings, survey non-completion was typically due to participant unavailability; this was rarely a reason in the outpatient setting. 93.4% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with using the CAT. 6.36 hours of RA time would be required to gather a valid quantity of patient feedback for a single resident in the outpatient setting, compared to 10.14 hours in the inpatient setting.CONCLUSIONS: While collecting feedback using our standardized protocol is acceptable to patients, obtaining sufficient feedback requires overcoming several barriers and a sizable time commitment. Feedback collection in the outpatient setting may be higher-yield than the inpatient setting due to greater patient/family availability. Future work should focus on innovative methods to gather patient feedback in the inpatient setting to provide program directors with a holistic view of their residents' communication skills.

View details for PubMedID 30576788

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Despite a national focus on physician-patient communication, there is a paucity of literature on how patient and family feedback (PFF) can be used as a tool to help residents learn communication skills. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of coaching on residents' attitudes towards PFF, self-confidence in communication, and patient-rated communication skills.METHODS: This was an IRB-approved, randomized-controlled trial with pediatric residents at three institutions in 2015-2016. Pre- and post-intervention, residents completed a self-assessment of their attitudes and self-confidence in communication. PFF was collected for each resident using the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT), which has been validated in other medical disciplines. Intervention group residents reviewed their baseline PFF with a faculty coach; control group residents reviewed their PFF independently.RESULTS: 114 residents completed the study, 57 in each arm. Intervention group residents were significantly more likely to ask for PFF compared with control group residents (mean change 0.36 vs. -0.11, p=.01). There were no other significant differences in resident attitudes, confidence, or patient-rated communication between groups. Both groups had increased self-confidence over time and with increasing PGY level. Patient ratings of resident communication did not differ over time or between groups.CONCLUSIONS: Residents who reviewed PFF with a faculty coach were significantly more likely to report they would ask patients for feedback than residents who reviewed PFF independently, suggesting review of feedback with a coach may enhance appreciation of patient feedback. Though self-confidence improved over time in both groups, patient ratings of resident communication skills were not significantly different over time or between groups.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.acap.2018.10.004

View details for PubMedID 30368034

Abstract

Residents may view feedback from patients and their families with greater skepticism than feedback from supervisors and peers. While discussing patient and family feedback with faculty may improve residents' acceptance of feedback and learning, specific strategies have not been identified.We explored pediatrics residents' perspectives of patient feedback and identified strategies that promote residents' reflection on and learning from feedback.In this multi-institutional, qualitative study conducted in June and July 2016, we conducted focus groups with a purposive sample of pediatrics residents after their participation in a randomized controlled trial in which they received written patient feedback and either discussed it with faculty or reviewed it independently. Focus group transcripts were audiorecorded, transcribed, and analyzed for themes using the constant comparative approach associated with grounded theory.Thirty-six of 92 (39%) residents participated in 7 focus groups. Four themes emerged: (1) residents valued patient feedback but felt it may lack the specificity they desire; (2) discussing feedback with a trusted faculty member was helpful for self-reflection; (3) residents identified 5 strategies faculty used to facilitate their openness to and acceptance of patient feedback (eg, help resident overcome emotional responses to feedback and situate feedback in the context of lifelong learning); and (4) residents' perceptions of feedback credibility improved when faculty observed patient encounters and solicited feedback on the resident's behalf prior to discussions.Discussing patient feedback with faculty provided important scaffolding to enhance residents' openness to and reflection on patient feedback.

View details for DOI 10.4300/JGME-D-17-00447.1

View details for PubMedID 29686757

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5901797

View details for Web of Science ID 000391349100002

View details for PubMedID 27965014

Abstract

Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM) is an emerging field in pediatrics and one that has experienced immense growth and maturation in a short period of time. Evolution and rapid expansion of the field invigorated the goal of standardizing PHM fellowship curricula, which naturally aligned with the field's evolving pursuit of a defined identity and consideration of certification options. The national group of PHM fellowship program directors sought to establish curricular standards that would more accurately reflect the competencies needed to practice pediatric hospital medicine and meet future board certification needs. In this manuscript, we describe the method by which we reached consensus on a 2-year curricular framework for PHM fellowship programs, detail the current model for this framework, and provide examples of how this curricular framework may be applied to meet the needs of a variety of fellows and fellowship programs. The 2-year PHM fellowship curricular framework was developed over a number of years through an iterative process and with the input of PHM fellowship program directors (PDs), PHM fellowship graduates, PHM leaders, pediatric hospitalists practicing in a variety of clinical settings, and other educators outside the field. We have developed a curricular framework for PHM Fellowships that consists of 8 education units (defined as 4 weeks each) in 3 areas: clinical care, systems and scholarship, and individualized curriculum.

View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2017-0698

View details for PubMedID 28600448

Abstract

The ACGME requires all residency programs to assess residents on specialty-specific milestones. Optimal assessment of competence is through direct observation of performance in clinical settings, which is challenging to implement.The authors developed the Stanford Pediatric Residency Coaching Program to improve residents' clinical skill development, reflective practice, feedback, and goal setting, and to improve learner assessment. All residents are assigned a dedicated faculty coach who coaches them throughout their training in various settings in an iterative process. Each coaching session consists of four parts: (1) direct observation, (2) facilitated reflection, (3) feedback from the coach, and (4) goal setting. Coaches document each session and participate in the Clinical Competency Committee. Initial program evaluation (2013 -2014) focused on the program's effect on feedback, reflection, and goal setting. Pre- and postintervention surveys of residents and faculty assessed the quantity and quality of feedback provided to residents and faculty members' confidence in giving feedback.Review of documented coaching sessions showed that all 82 residents had 3 or more direct observations (range: 3-12). Residents and faculty assessed coaches as providing higher-quality feedback and incorporating more reflection and goal setting than noncoaches. Coaches, compared with noncoaches, demonstrated increased confidence in giving feedback on clinical reasoning, communication skills, and goal setting. Noncoach faculty reported giving equal or more feedback after the coaching program than before.Further evaluation is under way to explore how coaching residents can affect patient-level outcomes, and to better understand the benefits and challenges of coaching residents.

View details for DOI 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001825

View details for PubMedID 28700460

Abstract

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a fatal complication of measles infection. We present a case of a fully vaccinated 3-year-old boy who was diagnosed with and treated for autoimmune encephalitis before arriving at a diagnosis of SSPE. We discuss the challenges of diagnosing SSPE in developed countries.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.051

View details for PubMedID 27634625

Abstract

Pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) fellowship programs have grown rapidly over the last 20 years and have varied in duration and content. In an effort to standardize training in the absence of a single accrediting body, PHM fellowship directors now meet annually to discuss strategies for standardizing and enhancing training.To explore similarities and differences in curricular structure among PHM fellowship programs in an effort to inform future curriculum standardization efforts.An electronic survey was distributed by e-mail to all PHM fellowship directors in April 2014. The survey consisted of 30 multiple-choice and short-answer questions focused on various curricular aspects of training developed by the authors.Twenty-seven of 31 fellowship programs (87%) responded to the survey. Duration of most programs was 2 years (63%), with 6, 1-year programs (22%) and 4 (15%) 3-year programs making up the remainder. The average amount of clinical time among programs was 50% (range approximately 20%-65%). In addition to general inpatient pediatric service time, most programs require other clinical rotations. The majority of programs allow fellows to bill independently for their services. Most programs offer certificate courses, courses for credit or noncredit courses, with 11 programs offering masters' degrees. Twenty-one (81%) programs provide a scholarship oversight committee for their fellows. Current fellows' primary areas of research are varied.Though variability exists regarding program length, clinical composition, and nonclinical offerings, several common themes emerged that may help inform the development of a standard curriculum for use across all programs. This information provides a useful starting point if pediatric hospital medicine obtains formal subspecialty status. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:324-328. 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine.

View details for DOI 10.1002/jhm.2571

View details for PubMedID 27042818

Abstract

Mentors influence medical trainees' experiences through career enhancement and psychosocial support, yet some trainees never receive benefits from involved mentors.Our goals were to examine the effectiveness of 2 interventions aimed at increasing the number of mentors in training programs, and to assess group differences in mentor effectiveness, the relationship between trainees' satisfaction with their programs given the presence of mentors, and the relationship between the number of trainees with mentors and postgraduate year (PGY).In group 1, a physician adviser funded by the graduate medical education department implemented mentorships in 6 residency programs, while group 2 involved a training program with funded physician mentoring time. The remaining 89 training programs served as controls. Chi-square tests were used to determine differences.Survey responses from group 1, group 2, and controls were 47 of 84 (56%), 34 of 78 (44%), and 471 of 981 (48%, P=.38), respectively. The percentages of trainees reporting a mentor in group 1, group 2, and the control group were 89%, 97%, and 79%, respectively (P=.01). There were no differences in mentor effectiveness between groups. Mentored trainees were more likely to be satisfied with their programs (P=.01) and to report that faculty supported their professional aspirations (P=.001). Across all programs, fewer first-year trainees (59%) identified a mentor compared to PGY-2 through PGY-8 trainees (84%, P<.001).A supported mentorship program is an effective way to create an educational environment that maximizes trainees' perceptions of mentorship and satisfaction with their training programs.

View details for DOI 10.4300/JGME-D-15-00335.1

View details for PubMedID 26913106

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4763391

Abstract

To systematically review the evidence for high-quality and effective educational strategies to train health care professionals across the education continuum on chronic disease care.A search of English-language publications and conference proceedings was performed in November 2013 and updated in April 2014. Studies that evaluated a newly developed curriculum targeting chronic disease care with learner outcomes were included. Two primary reviewers and one adjudicating reviewer evaluated the studies and assessed their quality using the validated Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). Studies were also mapped onto elements of Wagner's chronic care model (CCM) to evaluate their use of established evidence-based models for chronic care delivery. Miller's classification of clinical competence was used to assess the quality of learner achievements for each educational intervention.A total of 672 articles were found for this review. Twenty-two met criteria for data extraction. The majority of studies were of moderate quality according to MERSQI scoring. Only three studies reported both learner and patient outcomes. The highest-quality studies incorporated more elements of Wagner's CCM and showed high-level learner competence according to Miller's classification. Successful interventions redesigned health care delivery systems to include team-based care, emphasized training of health care professionals on patient self-management, and included learner-based quality improvement initiatives.The growing number of children and adults with chronic disease necessitates improved educational interventions for health care professionals that involve evidence-based models for restructuring chronic care delivery, aim for high-level learner behavioral outcomes, and evolve through quality improvement initiatives.

View details for DOI 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000773

View details for PubMedID 26039140

Abstract

High-quality care for children with medical complexity (CMC) is in its infancy. Residents have the opportunity to view care for CMC with a fresh perspective that is informed by their work across diverse health care settings and significant time spent at the bedside. This study aimed to identify the challenges and potential solutions for complex care delivery and education from their perspectives.We conducted three 60-minute focus groups with a purposeful sample of residents and recent graduates at a US tertiary-care medical center. Data were transcribed verbatim, and themes were identified using an iterative approach and modified grounded theory.Sixteen participants identified 4 major challenges to caring for CMC: 1) lack of care coordination; 2) complex technology management; 3) patients' pervasive psychosocial needs; and 4) lack of effective health care provider training. Participants identified 3 solutions: 1) greater integration of primary care providers; 2) attention to psychosocial needs through shared decision making; and 3) integration of longitudinal patient relationships into provider training. We found that residents who experienced longitudinal relationships with CMC felt more efficacious and better equipped to handle challenges of caring for CMC as a result of their broader understanding of patients' priorities and of their role as providers.Residents recognize important challenges and offer thoughtful solutions to caring for CMC. Although multiple solutions exist, formal integration of longitudinal patient experiences into residency training may better prepare residents to understand patient priorities and identify when their own attitudinal changes can guide them into more efficacious roles as providers.

View details for Web of Science ID 000364802300009

View details for PubMedID 26409304

Abstract

High-quality care for children with medical complexity (CMC) is in its infancy. Residents have the opportunity to view care for CMC with a fresh perspective that is informed by their work across diverse health care settings and significant time spent at the bedside. This study aimed to identify the challenges and potential solutions for complex care delivery and education from their perspectives.We conducted three 60-minute focus groups with a purposeful sample of residents and recent graduates at a US tertiary-care medical center. Data were transcribed verbatim, and themes were identified using an iterative approach and modified grounded theory.Sixteen participants identified 4 major challenges to caring for CMC: 1) lack of care coordination; 2) complex technology management; 3) patients' pervasive psychosocial needs; and 4) lack of effective health care provider training. Participants identified 3 solutions: 1) greater integration of primary care providers; 2) attention to psychosocial needs through shared decision making; and 3) integration of longitudinal patient relationships into provider training. We found that residents who experienced longitudinal relationships with CMC felt more efficacious and better equipped to handle challenges of caring for CMC as a result of their broader understanding of patients' priorities and of their role as providers.Residents recognize important challenges and offer thoughtful solutions to caring for CMC. Although multiple solutions exist, formal integration of longitudinal patient experiences into residency training may better prepare residents to understand patient priorities and identify when their own attitudinal changes can guide them into more efficacious roles as providers.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.004

View details for PubMedID 26409304

Abstract

Objective. To evaluate an innovative curriculum meeting new pediatric residency education guidelines, Special Care Optimization for Patients and Education (SCOPE). Methods. Residents were randomized to intervention (n = 23) or control (n = 25) groups. Intervention residents participated in SCOPE, pairing them with a child with special health care needs (CSHCN) and faculty mentor to make a home visit, complete care coordination toolkits, and participate in case discussions. The primary outcome was resident self-efficacy in nine skills in caring for CSHCN. Secondary outcomes included curriculum feasibility/acceptance, resident attitudes, and family satisfaction. Results. Response rates were 65%. Intervention residents improved in their self-efficacy for setting patient-centered goals compared with controls (mean change on 4-point Likert-type scale, 1.36 vs 0.56, P < .05). SCOPE was feasible/acceptable, residents had improved attitudes toward CSHCN, and families reported high satisfaction. Conclusion. SCOPE may serve as a model for efforts to increase residents' self-efficacy in their care of patients with chronic disease.

View details for DOI 10.1177/0009922814564050

View details for PubMedID 25561698

Abstract

Objective. Care for children with medical complexity (CMC) relies on pediatricians who often are ill equipped, but striving to provide high quality care. We performed a needs assessment of pediatricians across diverse subspecialties at a tertiary academic US children's hospital about their continuing education needs regarding the care of CMC. Methods. Eighteen pediatricians from diverse subspecialties were asked to complete an online anonymous open-ended survey. Data were analyzed using modified grounded theory. Results. The response rate was 89% (n = 16). Of participants, 31.2% (n = 5) were general pediatricians, 18.7% (n = 3) were hospitalists, and 50% (n = 8) were pediatric subspecialists. Pediatricians recognized the need for skills in care coordination, giving bad news, working in interprofessional teams, and setting goals of care with patients. Conclusions. Practicing pediatricians need skills to improve care for CMC. Strategically incorporating basic palliative care education may fill an important training need across diverse pediatric specialties.

View details for DOI 10.1177/0009922814564049

View details for PubMedID 25561699

Abstract

Effective communication between inpatient and outpatient providers may mitigate risks of adverse events associated with hospital discharge. However, there is an absence of pediatric literature defining effective discharge communication strategies at both freestanding children's hospitals and general hospitals. The objectives of this study were to assess associations between pediatric primary care providers' (PCPs) reported receipt of discharge communication and referral hospital type, and to describe PCPs' perspectives regarding effective discharge communication and areas for improvement.We administered a questionnaire to PCPs referring to 16 pediatric hospital medicine programs nationally. Multivariable models were developed to assess associations between referral hospital type and receipt and completeness of discharge communication. Open-ended questions asked respondents to describe effective strategies and areas requiring improvement regarding discharge communication. Conventional qualitative content analysis was performed to identify emergent themes.Responses were received from 201 PCPs, for a response rate of 63%. Although there were no differences between referral hospital type and PCP-reported receipt of discharge communication (relative risk 1.61, 95% confidence interval 0.97-2.67), PCPs referring to general hospitals more frequently reported completeness of discharge communication relative to those referring to freestanding children's hospitals (relative risk 1.78, 95% confidence interval 1.26-2.51). Analysis of free text responses yielded 4 major themes: 1) structured discharge communication, 2) direct personal communication, 3) reliability and timeliness of communication, and 4) communication for effective postdischarge care.This study highlights potential differences in the experiences of PCPs referring to general hospitals and freestanding children's hospitals, and presents valuable contextual data for future quality improvement initiatives.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.acap.2014.07.004

View details for PubMedID 25444655

Abstract

Professional medical societies endorse prompt, consistent discharge communication to primary care providers (PCPs) on discharge. However, evidence is limited about what clinical elements to communicate. Our main goal was to identify and compare the clinical elements considered by PCPs and pediatric hospitalists to be essential to communicate to PCPs within 2 days of pediatric hospital discharge. A secondary goal was to describe experiences of the PCPs and pediatric hospitalists regarding sending and receiving discharge information.A survey of physician preferences and experiences regarding discharge communication was sent to 320 PCPs who refer patients to 16 hospitals, with an analogous survey sent to 147 hospitalists. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and (2) analyses were performed.A total of 201 PCPs (63%) and 71 hospitalists (48%) responded to the survey. Seven clinical elements were reported as essential by >75% of both PCPs and hospitalists: dates of admission and discharge; discharge diagnoses; brief hospital course; discharge medications; immunizations given during hospitalization; pending laboratory or test results; and follow-up appointments. PCPs reported reliably receiving discharge communication significantly less often than hospitalists reported sending it (71.8% vs 85.1%; P < .01), and PCPs considered this communication to be complete significantly less often than hospitalists did (64.9% vs 79.1%; P < .01).We identified 7 core clinical elements that PCPs and hospitalists consider essential in discharge communication. Consistently and promptly communicating at least these core elements after discharge may enhance PCP satisfaction and patient-level outcomes. Reported rates of transmission and receipt of this information were suboptimal and should be targeted for improvement.

View details for DOI 10.1542/hpeds.2013-0022

View details for PubMedID 24435595

View details for DOI 10.3928/00904481-20120525-05

View details for Web of Science ID 000306363600012

View details for PubMedID 22694233

Abstract

We present two unusual cases of pyomyositis of the psoas muscle caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) in children presenting with fever, emesis and leg pain. Pyomyositis secondary to GABHS is rare in children and cases involving the psoas muscle have not been previously reported. In our discussion, we review the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis and treatment of GABHS psoas myositis in comparison with staphylococcal pyomyositis. Prompt recognition of the signs and symptoms of GABHS psoas pyomyositis is essential for treatment of this life-threatening infection.

View details for Web of Science ID 000237260600010

View details for PubMedID 16651916